Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Indonesia and List of endangered languages in Indonesia
According to the 2010 national census, the population of Indonesia is 237.6 million,[139] with high population growth at 1.9%.[140] 58% of the population lives in Java,[139] the world's most populous island.[93] In 1961 the first post-colonial census gave a total population of 97 million.[141] Population is expected to grow to around 269 million by 2020 and 321 million by 2050.[142]
Ethnicity
Main articles: Ethnic groups in Indonesia and Languages of Indonesia
There are around 300 distinct native ethnic groups in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects.[143][144] Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian-speaking peoples whose languages can be traced to Proto-Austronesian (PAn), which possibly originated in Taiwan. Another major grouping are Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.[22][90][145] The largest ethnic group is the Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant.[146] The Sundanese, ethnic Malays, and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.[147] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.[148] Social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence.[149][150][151] Chinese Indonesians are an influential ethnic minority comprising 3–4% of the population.[152] Much of the country's privately owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-Indonesian-controlled.[153][154] Chinese businesses in Indonesia are part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[155] This has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.[156][157][158]
Religion
Main article: Religion in Indonesia
While religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution,[159] the government officially recognises only six religions: Islam,Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.[160] Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, at 87.2% in 2010, with the majority being Sunni (99%).[161][162] The Shias and Ahmadis respectively constitute 0.5% and 0.2% of the Muslim population.[163] On 21 May 2011 the Indonesian Sunni-Shia Council (MUHSIN) was established. The council aims to hold gatherings, dialogues and social activities. It was an answer to violence committed in the name of religion.[164] Seven percent of the population was Protestant Christian, 2.9% Catholic Christian, 1.7% Hindu, and 0.9% Buddhist or other. Most Indonesian Hindus areBalinese,[165] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese.[166] Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country's dominant religion by the 16th century.[167] Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries,[168][169] and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.[170][171][172] A large proportion of Indonesians—such as the Javanese abangan, BalineseHindus, and Dayak Christians—practice a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.[173]
Education
Education in Indonesia is compulsory for twelve years.[174][175] Parents can choose between state-run, non sectarian public schools supervised by the Department of National Education (Depdiknas) or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools supervised and financed by the Department of Religious Affairs.[176] The enrolment rate is 94% for primary education (2011), 75% for secondary education, and 27% for tertiary education. The literacy rate is 93% (2011).[177]
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